Steady motion and turbulent flow represent two distinct regimes within the realm of fluid dynamics. Uniform motion describes a state where fluid particles follow predictable, unchanging trajectories over time, characterized by minimal fluctuations in velocity and pressure. In contrast, turbulent flow exhibits chaotic and unpredictable movements, ma

Semiconductors play a vital role in modern electronics due to their ability to control the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence band is